模擬第2、3步過程之操作指令如下: # dig @a.root-servers.net www.pme.nthu.edu.tw ;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 9, ADDITIONAL: 12 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;www.pme.nthu.edu.tw. IN A ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: tw. 172800 IN NS A.DNS.tw. ... ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: A.DNS.tw. 172800 IN A 203.73.24.8 ... ;; Query time: 143 msec ;; SERVER: 198.41.0.4#53(198.41.0.4)
模擬第10、11步過程之操作指令如下: # dig @dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw. www.pme.nthu.edu.tw ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;www.pme.nthu.edu.tw. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: www.pme.nthu.edu.tw. 86400 IN A 140.114.57.163
# dig @dns1.nthu.edu.tw www.mit.edu ; <<>> DiG 8.3 <<>> @dns1.nthu.edu.tw www.mit.edu ; (1 server found) ;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch ;; got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: REFUSED, id: 4 ;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUERY SECTION: ;; www.mit.edu, type = A, class = IN ;; Total query time: 0 msec ;; FROM: mx to SERVER: dns1.nthu.edu.tw 140.114.64.10 ;; WHEN: Tue May 19 16:03:27 2009 ;; MSG SIZE sent: 29 rcvd: 29
# dig @dns1.nthu.edu.tw pme.nthu.edu.tw ns ; <<>> DiG 8.3 <<>> @dns1.nthu.edu.tw pme.nthu.edu.tw ns ; (1 server found) ;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch ;; got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 4 ;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; QUERY SECTION: ;; pme.nthu.edu.tw, type = NS, class = IN ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN NS dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw. pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN NS dns2.pme.nthu.edu.tw. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN A 140.114.58.60 dns2.pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN A 140.114.58.130 ;; Total query time: 1 msec ;; FROM: mx to SERVER: dns1.nthu.edu.tw 140.114.64.10 ;; MSG SIZE sent: 33 rcvd: 103
# dig @dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw pme.nthu.edu.tw ns ; <<>> DiG 8.3 <<>> @dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw pme.nthu.edu.tw ns ; (1 server found) ;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch ;; got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 4 ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; QUERY SECTION: ;; pme.nthu.edu.tw, type = NS, class = IN ;; ANSWER SECTION: pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN NS dns2.pme.nthu.edu.tw. pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN NS dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN A 140.114.58.60 dns2.pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN A 140.114.58.130 ;; Total query time: 2 msec ;; FROM: mx to SERVER: dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw 140.114.58.60 ;; WHEN: Tue May 19 15:53:54 2009 ;; MSG SIZE sent: 33 rcvd: 103
每筆 DNS 記錄(record)其 TTL 由區域授權 NS 所指定,以本例而言,pme.nthu.edu.tw NS 指定 www.pme.nthu.edu.tw 的 TTL 為 1D (1 day)。
# dig @dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw www.pme.nthu.edu.tw ; <<>> DiG 8.3 <<>> @dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw www.pme.nthu.edu.tw ; (1 server found) ;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch ;; got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 4 ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; QUERY SECTION: ;; www.pme.nthu.edu.tw, type = A, class = IN ;; ANSWER SECTION: www.pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN A 140.114.57.163 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN NS dns2.pme.nthu.edu.tw. pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN NS dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN A 140.114.58.60 dns2.pme.nthu.edu.tw. 1D IN A 140.114.58.130 ;; Total query time: 21 msec ;; FROM: mx to SERVER: dns1.pme.nthu.edu.tw 140.114.58.60 ;; WHEN: Tue May 19 15:18:31 2009 ;; MSG SIZE sent: 37 rcvd: 123